Ireland skyline

Ireland Economic Data & Projections

Ireland Economic Outlook

A global business hub:

Ireland has emerged as one of Europe’s fastest-growing economies, largely due to its favorable business environment, low corporate tax rates, and strong foreign direct investment (FDI). The country serves as a European headquarters for major multinational corporations, particularly in technology, pharmaceuticals, and financial services. As a result, Ireland has one of the highest GDP per capita figures in the world, although this is partly inflated by multinational profit shifting.

Tech and pharma dominance:

Ireland is a key global player in the technology and pharmaceutical industries, hosting major firms such as Apple, Google, Pfizer, and Facebook. These sectors drive exports and employment, though Ireland’s dependence on multinational corporations poses risks—especially if global tax reforms or regulatory changes reduce its attractiveness as an investment destination.

Housing and inflation challenges:

Despite its economic success, Ireland faces significant challenges related to housing affordability and infrastructure constraints. Rapid population growth and strong labor market demand have led to rising property prices and rental costs, putting pressure on household incomes. Additionally, inflationary pressures, particularly in energy and food prices, have affected consumer spending and economic sentiment.

Ireland’s economic outlook:

The Irish economy is expected to remain one of the strongest performers in the EU, driven by FDI, a skilled workforce, and continued trade integration with Europe and the U.S. However, risks include global tax policy changes, Brexit-related trade adjustments, and housing market imbalances. Ensuring sustainable growth will require investment in housing, infrastructure, and workforce upskilling to maintain Ireland’s competitive edge.

Ireland's Macroeconomic Analysis:

Nominal GDP of USD 551 billion in 2023.

GDP per capita of USD 103,423 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

Average real GDP growth of 7.7% over the last decade.

Share of the region's population
Share of the region's GDP

Sector Analysis

In 2021, services accounted for 59% of overall GDP, manufacturing 37%, other industrial activity 3%, and agriculture 1%. Looking at GDP by expenditure, private consumption accounted for 24% of GDP in 2021, government consumption 12%, fixed investment 24%, and net exports 40%.

GDP by economic sector
GDP by type of expenditure

International trade

In 2020, manufactured products made up 90% of total merchandise exports, mineral fuels 0%, food 8%, ores and metals 1% and agricultural raw materials 0%, with other categories accounting for 1% of the total. In the same period, manufactured products made up 81% of total merchandise imports, mineral fuels 4%, food 11%, ores and metals 1% and agricultural raw materials 1%, with other goods accounting for 2% of the total. Total exports were worth USD 373 billion in 2022, while total imports were USD 160 billion.

Key exports
Key imports
Key export partners
Key import partners

Main Economic Indicators

Economic growth

The economy recorded average annual growth of 7.7% in the decade to 2024. To read more about GDP growth in Ireland, go to our dedicated page.

Fiscal policy

Ireland's fiscal deficit averaged 1.4% of GDP in the decade to 2023. Find out more on our dedicated page.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate averaged 6.6% in the decade to 2024. For more information on Ireland's unemployment click here.

Inflation

Inflation averaged 1.7% in the decade to 2024. Go to our Ireland inflation page for extra insight.

Monetary Policy

Euro Area monetary policy rate ended 2024 at 3.15%, up from 0.05% a decade earlier. See our Ireland monetary policy page for additional details.

Exchange Rate

From end-2014 to end-2024 the euro weakened by 20% vs the U.S. dollar. For more info on the euro, click here.

Economic situation in Ireland

The economy ended last year on a sour note, with seasonally adjusted GDP shrinking from the prior three months by the most in a year in Q4. The contraction was due to a drop in the output of multinationals. Turning to Q1 2025, our panelists expect GDP to rebound weakly. Looking at available data, consumer sentiment hit its joint-highest level in just under three years in January, likely aided by low inflation and a pre-election giveaway budget. In politics, incumbent parties Fianna Fail and Fine Gael sealed a coalition agreement. Fianna Fail’s Micheal Martin has taken over as prime minister and will be replaced by Fine Gael leader Simon Harris in the second half of the government’s term in 2027. Martin’s main task will be to weather the storm of U.S. protectionism, with Ireland exposed due to the billions it reaps in tax from U.S. multinationals based in its territory.

Ireland Economic Forecasts

Projections out to 2034.

45 indicators covered including both annual and quarterly frequencies.

Consensus Forecasts based on a panel of 19 expert analysts.

Want to get insight on the economic outlook for Ireland in the coming years? FocusEconomics collects projections out to 2034 on 45 economic indicators for Ireland from a panel of 19 analysts at the leading national, regional and global forecast institutions. These projections are then validated by our in-house team of economists and data analysts, and averaged to provide one Consensus Forecast you can rely on for each indicator. This means you avoid the risk of relying on out of date, biased or outlier forecasts. Our Consensus Forecasts can be visualized in whichever way best suits your needs, including via interactive online dashboards , direct data delivery and executive-style reports which combine analysts' projections with timely written analysis from our in-house team of economists on the latest developments in the Ireland economy. To download a sample report on the Ireland's economy, click here. To get in touch with our team for more information, fill in the form at the bottom of this page.

Ireland Economic Indicators

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Government Consumption (ann. var. %) 6.5 11.7 6.3 3.0 4.3
Inflation (WPI, ann. var. %, aop) -1.0 -8.7 -5.2 9.0 -1.3
Merchandise Trade Balance (EUR bn) 117 142 168 205 156
Stock Market (var. of ISEQ %) 31.1 2.7 14.5 -15.8 23.2
Unemployment (% of active population, aop) 5.0 5.8 6.3 4.5 4.3
Private Consumption (ann. var. %) 2.9 -9.5 8.9 10.7 4.8
Inflation (Core, ann. var. %, aop) 0.9 -0.4 2.3 7.8 5.3
Current Account Balance (EUR bn) -75.4 -27.0 54.6 45.6 41.3
Current Account Balance (% of GDP) -20.7 -7.1 12.2 8.8 8.1
Disposable Income (ann. var. %) 7.1 4.6 5.2 9.0 11.0
GDP (EUR bn) 364 382 449 521 510
Domestic Demand (ann. var. %) 42.3 -10.4 -16.6 8.0 6.0
10-Year Bond Yield (%, eop) 0.11 -0.32 0.25 3.06 2.39
Exchange Rate (USD per EUR, eop) 1.12 1.22 1.14 1.07 1.10
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) 0.4 -4.9 -1.4 1.7 1.5
GDP per capita (EUR) 72,793 75,624 87,686 99,377 95,658
Imports (G&S, ann. var. %) 40.6 0.0 -8.7 16.0 1.2
Exports (G&S, ann. var. %) 10.5 13.8 14.1 13.5 -5.8
Economic Growth (GDP, ann. var. %) 5.0 7.2 16.3 8.6 -5.5
Economic Growth (Nominal GDP, ann. var. %) 8.6 5.1 17.5 16.0 -2.1
Fixed Investment (ann. var. %) 99.7 -16.5 -39.4 3.7 2.8
Inflation (HICP, ann. var. %, aop) 0.9 -0.5 2.4 8.1 5.2
Inflation (HICP, ann. var. %, eop) 1.1 -1.0 5.7 8.2 3.2
Industrial Production (ann. var. %) 6.0 15.4 31.1 11.1 -1.4
Retail Sales (ann. var. %) 2.1 -2.5 9.3 7.3 4.6
Exchange Rate (USD per EUR, aop) 1.12 1.14 1.18 1.05 1.08
Population (million) 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3
Public Debt (% of GDP) 55.9 57.0 52.6 43.1 43.3
Foreign Direct Investment (EUR bn) 133.1 83.8 -3.5 -23.5 -8.3
ECB Refinancing Rate (%, eop) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.50
ECB Deposit Rate (%, eop) -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 2.00 4.00
3-Month EURIBOR (%, eop) -0.38 -0.55 -0.57 2.13 3.91
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