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International Reserves (USD)

International reserves (or reserve assets in the balance of payments) are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by a country’s monetary authorities. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), international reserves comprise foreign currencies, other assets denominated in foreign currencies, gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve positions. These reserves may be used for direct financing of international payments imbalances, or for indirect regulation of the magnitude of such imbalances via intervention in foreign exchange markets in order to affect the exchange rate of the country’s currency. A narrower definition for international reserves only includes foreign currency deposits and bonds. These assets held by the country’s monetary authorities are usually denominated in different reserve currencies, mostly the U.S. dollar (USD), the Euro (EUR), the Japanese yen (JPY) and the British pound (GBP).

This chart displays International Reserves (USD bn) for Latin America, Euro Area, South Asia, Middle East & North Africa from 2010 to 2023.

International Reserves (USD) Data

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Afghanistan 6.2 5.9 - - -
Albania 3.8 4.8 5.7 5.3 6.5
Algeria 63.3 48.9 46.1 61.7 69.7
Andorra - 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Angola 17.2 14.9 15.5 14.7 14.7
Antigua and Barbuda 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4
Argentina 44.8 39.4 39.7 44.6 23.1
Armenia 2.8 2.6 3.2 4.1 3.6
Aruba 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 -
Australia 58.0 42.5 57.8 56.7 61.7
Austria 23.5 28.3 35.5 32.7 30.6
Azerbaijan 7.1 7.8 8.3 11.3 13.7
Bahamas, The 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5
Bahrain 3.4 1.9 3.9 3.7 4.0
Bangladesh 32.7 43.2 46.2 33.7 27.1
Barbados 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.5 -
Belarus 9.2 7.4 8.5 7.8 8.3
Belgium 28.9 31.0 43.7 40.8 40.0
Belize 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
Benin 1.1 2.0 3.3 1.6 6.2
Bhutan 1.2 1.4 0.9 - -
Bolivia 6.5 5.3 4.8 3.8 1.7
Bosnia-Herz. 7.2 8.1 9.9 8.6 9.0
Botswana 6.2 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.8
Brazil 357 356 362 325 355
Brunei 4.1 3.7 4.7 4.8 4.2
Bulgaria 27.8 35.2 40.9 40.4 45.3
Burkina Faso 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1
Cabo Verde 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8
Cambodia 18.8 21.3 20.3 17.8 -
Cameroon 3.7 3.9 4.3 5.2 -
Canada 85.3 90.4 106.6 107.3 118.3
CdI 7.4 9.4 10.7 - -
Central African Republic 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 -
Chad 0.3 0.4 0.2 - -
Chile 40.7 39.2 51.3 39.2 46.4
China 3,223 3,357 3,427 3,307 3,450
Colombia 53.2 59.0 58.6 57.3 59.6
Comoros 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Congo 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7
Costa Rica 8.9 7.2 6.9 8.6 13.2
Croatia 20.8 23.3 28.3 29.7 3.2
Cyprus 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.8
Czech Republic 150 166 174 140 148
Denmark 65.7 67.4 84.7 84.1 89.6
Djibouti 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5
Dominica 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Dominican Republic 8.8 10.8 13.0 14.4 15.5
DR Congo 1.2 0.7 3.5 - -
Ecuador 3.4 7.2 7.9 8.5 4.5
Egypt 44.5 38.2 40.6 33.4 34.8
El Salvador 4.4 3.1 3.4 2.7 3.1
Equatorial Guinea 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.5
Eritrea 0.2 - - - -
Estonia 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.6
Ethiopia 3.0 3.0 - - -
Euro Area 914 1,079 1,197 1,187 1,267
Fiji 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3
Finland 11.4 13.5 16.7 16.0 16.9
France 189 225 244 243 241
Gabon 1.2 - - - -
Gambia, The 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6
Georgia 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.0
Germany 224 269 296 295 323
Ghana 8.4 8.6 9.7 6.3 5.9
Greece 8.5 11.9 14.5 12.1 13.6
Grenada 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
Guatemala 14.8 18.5 20.9 20.0 21.3
Guinea 1.1 1.1 - - -
Guinea-Bissau 1.4 4.6 1.6 3.6 2.8
Guyana 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9
Haiti 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.6
Honduras 5.7 8.1 8.7 8.4 7.5
Hong Kong 441 492 497 424 426
Hungary 31.8 38.5 45.3 40.6 44.8
Iceland 6.7 6.0 7.3 6.2 5.7
India 478 577 607 578 646
Indonesia 129 136 145 137 146
Iran 14.9 13.7 17.7 19.7 25.1
Iraq 63.3 48.6 58.6 89.4 102.8
Israel 126 173 213 194 205
Italy 175 211 228 225 248
Jamaica 3.6 3.9 4.8 4.5 4.9
Japan 1,324 1,395 1,406 1,228 1,295
Jordan 15.4 17.0 19.0 18.2 19.1
Kazakhstan 29.0 35.6 34.4 35.1 35.9
Kenya 9.1 8.3 9.5 8.0 7.3
Kiribati 0 0 0 0 -
Korea 409 443 463 423 420
Kosovo 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
Kuwait 39.9 48.2 45.0 48.0 47.5
Kyrgyzstan 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.2
Laos 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.8
Latvia 4.5 5.3 5.5 4.5 5.0
Lebanon 38.2 25.0 18.5 15.8 -
Lesotho 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9
Liberia 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.6 -
Libya 79.0 72.6 75.4 79.9 82.7
Lithuania 5.1 4.8 5.6 5.4 6.2
Luxembourg 1.1 1.0 3.0 2.8 2.9
Macao 22.2 25.1 26.7 26.0 27.8
Madagascar 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.8 2.6
Malawi 0.8 0.6 - - -
Malaysia 104 108 117 115 113
Maldives 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6
Mali 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.3
Malta 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2
Mauritania 1.0 1.5 2.0 - -
Mauritius 6.6 6.4 7.5 6.7 6.1
Mexico 181 196 202 199 213
Micronesia, Federated States of 0.4 0.4 0.5 - -
Moldova 3.1 3.8 3.9 4.5 5.4
Mongolia 4.3 4.5 4.4 3.4 4.9
Montenegro 1.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.6
Morocco 26.3 36.0 35.6 32.2 36.3
Mozambique 3.8 4.0 3.4 2.8 3.5
Myanmar 5.9 7.7 8.3 - -
Namibia 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7
Nauru 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nepal 8.4 11.1 9.2 8.9 11.9
Netherlands 43.3 50.0 67.3 62.7 68.4
New Zealand 17.4 12.3 16.7 14.4 15.0
Nicaragua 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.4 5.4
Niger 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nigeria 38.6 35.4 40.5 37.1 32.9
North Macedonia 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 5.0
Norway 66.8 68.2 86.6 73.9 77.5
Oman 16.7 15.0 19.7 17.6 17.5
Pakistan 16.0 18.6 22.7 9.8 13.7
Palau 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Panama 3.4 9.6 8.8 6.9 6.8
Papua New Guinea 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.9 -
Paraguay 7.7 9.5 9.9 9.8 10.2
Peru 68.4 74.9 78.5 72.2 71.3
Philippines 87.8 110.1 108.8 96.1 103.8
Poland 128 154 166 167 194
Portugal 24.9 27.4 34.0 31.9 34.5
Qatar 39.6 40.8 42.0 47.3 51.4
Romania 42.0 52.0 52.1 55.8 72.9
Russia 554 596 631 582 599
Rwanda 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
Saint Lucia 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Samoa 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
San Marino 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8
Sao Tome and Principe 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
Saudi Arabia 500 453 455 459 437
Senegal 3.2 5.0 4.7 3.6 7.3
Serbia 15.0 15.4 19.5 20.4 26.9
Seychelles 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 -
Sierra Leone 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.5
Singapore 275 347 419 282 345
Slovakia 5.7 6.7 7.2 9.2 9.5
Slovenia 1.0 1.3 2.3 2.3 2.4
Solomon Islands 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7
Somalia 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
South Africa 47.5 42.3 54.0 55.3 54.4
South Sudan 0.4 0.2 - - -
Spain 74.5 75.6 96.3 91.7 100.9
Sri Lanka 7.6 5.7 3.1 1.9 4.4
Sudan 0 0 1 1 1
Suriname 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
Swaziland 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5
Sweden 55.5 58.5 62.4 64.8 61.6
Switzerland 855 1,083 1,110 924 864
Taiwan 478 530 548 555 571
Tajikistan 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.8 3.6
Tanzania 5.6 4.8 6.4 5.2 5.5
Thailand 224 258 246 217 224
Timor-Leste 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7
Togo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tonga 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
Trinidad and Tobago 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.1
Tunisia 7.5 9.2 8.7 7.8 9.0
Turkey 78.6 50.0 72.7 82.9 92.7
Turkmenistan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Tuvalu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
UAE 107 103 128 134 185
Uganda 3.2 3.8 4.3 3.6 3.7
Ukraine 25.3 29.1 30.9 28.5 40.5
United Kingdom 158 161 176 158 157
United States 129 145 251 244 245
Uruguay 14.5 16.2 17.0 15.1 16.2
Uzbekistan 29.2 34.9 35.1 35.8 34.6
Vanuatu 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Venezuela 6.6 6.4 10.9 9.9 9.8
Vietnam 78.3 94.8 109.4 86.5 -
West Bank and Gaza 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.3
Yemen 1.7 1.0 1.7 1.3 -
Zambia 1.4 1.2 2.8 3.0 -
Zimbabwe 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.1

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