La sagrada familia in Spain

Spain Economic Data & Projections

Spain Economic Outlook

A service-based economy with a strong industrial base:

Spain is the fourth-largest economy in the Eurozone and is highly dependent on the services sector, particularly tourism, which accounts for around 12% of GDP. In addition, Spain has a strong industrial sector, with key industries including automotive manufacturing, renewable energy, and pharmaceuticals. The country has become a leader in wind and solar power, benefiting from its favorable climate and government incentives for green energy investment.

Tourism and real estate recovery:

Spain’s economy suffered a sharp contraction during the COVID-19 pandemic, largely due to its reliance on tourism. However, the sector has rebounded strongly as international travel recovered, boosting GDP growth. Real estate, another pillar of the economy, has remained resilient, though affordability remains a concern due to rising housing prices in major cities such as Madrid and Barcelona.

Structural challenges and labor market issues:

Spain has one of the highest unemployment rates in the Eurozone, particularly among youth, despite recent improvements. The labor market remains rigid, and the prevalence of temporary contracts has led to job insecurity. Additionally, high public debt—exceeding 110% of GDP—remains a long-term concern, limiting the government’s fiscal flexibility.

Spain’s economic prospects:

The Spanish economy is expected to maintain moderate growth, supported by tourism, infrastructure investment, and renewable energy expansion. However, structural reforms in the labor market and improvements in productivity will be necessary for long-term competitiveness. Spain’s ability to manage inflation and debt levels while diversifying its economy beyond tourism will be crucial for its future economic stability.

Spain's Macroeconomic Analysis:

Nominal GDP of USD 1,723 billion in 2024.

GDP per capita of USD 35,622 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

Average real GDP growth of 2.1% over the last decade.

Share of the region's population
Share of the region's GDP

Sector Analysis

In 2021, services accounted for 77% of overall GDP, manufacturing 11%, other industrial activity 9%, and agriculture 3%. Looking at GDP by expenditure, private consumption accounted for 56% of GDP in 2021, government consumption 21%, fixed investment 21%, and net exports 2%.

GDP by economic sector
GDP by type of expenditure

International trade

In 2021, manufactured products made up 65% of total merchandise exports, mineral fuels 6%, food 17%, ores and metals 4% and agricultural raw materials 1%, with other categories accounting for 7% of the total. In the same period, manufactured products made up 65% of total merchandise imports, mineral fuels 13%, food 11%, ores and metals 4% and agricultural raw materials 1%, with other goods accounting for 6% of the total. Total exports were worth USD 409 billion in 2022, while total imports were USD 481 billion.

Key exports
Key imports
Key export partners
Key import partners

Main Economic Indicators

Economic growth

The economy recorded average annual growth of 2.1% in the decade to 2024. To read more about GDP growth in Spain, go to our dedicated page.

Fiscal policy

Spain's fiscal deficit averaged 5.1% of GDP in the decade to 2023. Find out more on our dedicated page.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate averaged 16.3% in the decade to 2024. For more information on Spain's unemployment click here.

Inflation

Inflation averaged 1.9% in the decade to 2024. Go to our Spain inflation page for extra insight.

Monetary Policy

Euro Area monetary policy rate ended 2024 at 3.15%, up from 0.05% a decade earlier. See our Spain monetary policy page for additional details.

Exchange Rate

From end-2014 to end-2024 the euro weakened by 20% vs the U.S. dollar. For more info on the euro, click here.

Economic situation in Spain

Quarter-on-quarter GDP growth surprised markets on the upside in Q4, coming in at 0.8% for the third consecutive quarter. Domestic demand strengthened, though solely due to a rebound in fixed investment, as both private and public spending growth cooled. Meanwhile, external demand weakened further. Heading into 2025, our panelists expect sequential GDP growth to be slowing. Still, economic sentiment rose in January from Q4, allowing for cautious optimism. In other news, in January, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez reached an agreement with Catalan separatist party Junts to approve several measures, including pension hikes, transport subsidies and relief funds for the flood-hit Valencia region. That said, the government’s ability to legislate is still limited: The 2025 budget has yet to be presented to Parliament and is unlikely to be approved swiftly despite this recent agreement.

Spain Economic Forecasts

Projections out to 2034.

55 indicators covered including both annual and quarterly frequencies.

Consensus Forecasts based on a panel of 48 expert analysts.

Want to get insight on the economic outlook for Spain in the coming years? FocusEconomics collects projections out to 2034 on 55 economic indicators for Spain from a panel of 48 analysts at the leading national, regional and global forecast institutions. These projections are then validated by our in-house team of economists and data analysts, and averaged to provide one Consensus Forecast you can rely on for each indicator. This means you avoid the risk of relying on out of date, biased or outlier forecasts. Our Consensus Forecasts can be visualized in whichever way best suits your needs, including via interactive online dashboards , direct data delivery and executive-style reports which combine analysts' projections with timely written analysis from our in-house team of economists on the latest developments in the Spain economy. To download a sample report on the Spain's economy, click here. To get in touch with our team for more information, fill in the form at the bottom of this page.

Spain Economic Indicators

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Unemployment (% of active population, aop) 14.1 15.5 14.9 13.0 12.2
Merchandise Trade Balance (EUR bn) -32.0 -13.4 -26.2 -68.1 -40.6
Stock Market (var. of IBEX 35 %) 11.8 -15.5 7.9 -5.6 22.8
ECB Refinancing Rate (%, eop) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.50
Government Consumption (ann. var. %) 2.2 3.5 3.6 0.6 5.2
Inflation (Core, ann. var. %, aop) 0.9 0.7 0.8 5.2 6.0
Private Consumption (ann. var. %) 1.0 -12.2 7.2 4.9 1.7
Current Account Balance (EUR bn) 26.7 8.9 9.5 4.8 39.8
Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 2.1 0.8 0.8 0.4 2.7
Disposable Income (ann. var. %) 5.0 -2.2 4.9 5.3 10.7
GDP (EUR bn) 1,254 1,129 1,235 1,374 1,498
Domestic Demand (ann. var. %) 1.6 -9.0 7.0 3.9 1.7
10-Year Bond Yield (%, eop) 0.45 0.04 0.56 3.63 2.98
Exchange Rate (USD per EUR, eop) 1.12 1.22 1.14 1.07 1.10
Economic Growth (GDP, ann. var. %) 2.0 -10.9 6.7 6.2 2.7
GDP per capita (EUR) 26,615 23,845 26,103 28,849 31,339
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) -3.1 -9.9 -6.7 -4.6 -3.5
Imports (G&S, ann. var. %) 1.3 -15.1 15.0 7.7 0.3
Exports (G&S, ann. var. %) 2.3 -20.1 13.4 14.3 2.8
Home Prices Index (ann. var. %) 3.2 -1.1 2.1 5.0 3.9
Economic Growth (Nominal GDP, ann. var. %) 3.4 -9.9 9.4 11.2 9.1
Inflation (HICP, ann. var. %, aop) 0.8 -0.3 3.0 8.3 3.4
Inflation (HICP, ann. var. %, eop) 0.8 -0.6 6.6 5.5 3.3
Industrial Production (ann. var. %) 0.4 -9.5 8.1 2.0 -1.4
Fixed Investment (ann. var. %) 4.9 -8.9 2.6 3.3 2.1
Exchange Rate (USD per EUR, aop) 1.12 1.14 1.18 1.05 1.08
Population (million) 47.1 47.4 47.3 47.6 47.8
Retail Sales (ann. var. %) 2.3 -6.7 4.4 2.2 2.5
Inflation (PPI, ann. var. %, aop) -0.4 -4.3 17.3 35.5 -4.7
3-Month EURIBOR (%, eop) -0.38 -0.55 -0.57 2.13 3.91
Public Debt (% of GDP) 97.7 119.3 115.7 109.5 105.1
Foreign Direct Investment (EUR bn) 15.9 11.6 33.7 42.1 32.5
ECB Overnight Deposit Rate (%, eop) -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 2.00 4.00
Free Sample Report

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