The coast of Greece

Greece Economic Data & Projections

Greece Economic Outlook

Recovery from crisis:

Greece has undergone a significant economic recovery following the debt crisis of the 2010s. Structural reforms, improved public finances, and a booming tourism sector have helped economic conditions in Greece to improve markedly in recent years. However, public debt remains among the highest in the EU, and Greece still faces challenges in attracting long-term investment.

Tourism and shipping dominance:

Tourism remains a cornerstone of the Greek economy, accounting for around 20% of GDP. The country’s picturesque islands, historical sites, and Mediterranean climate attract millions of visitors annually. Additionally, Greece is a global leader in shipping, with its merchant fleet being one of the largest in the world. These industries provide significant foreign exchange earnings but make the economy vulnerable to external shocks such as economic downturns or geopolitical instability.

Structural weaknesses:

Despite recent progress, Greece continues to struggle with high unemployment, bureaucracy, and slow judicial processes, which deter business investment. The banking sector, while improved, still faces challenges related to non-performing loans. Meanwhile, wages remain relatively low compared to other EU countries, which has led to a brain drain as young professionals seek better opportunities abroad.

Greece’s economic outlook:

Greece is expected to maintain moderate growth, driven by tourism, shipping, and increased investment from EU recovery funds. However, high public debt and slow-moving reforms will continue to weigh on economic prospects. Improving competitiveness, diversifying the economy, and ensuring fiscal discipline will be crucial for Greece to sustain its economic recovery in the coming years.

Greece's Macroeconomic Analysis:

Nominal GDP of USD 243 billion in 2023.

GDP per capita of USD 23,380 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

Average real GDP growth of 1% over the last decade.

Share of the region's population
Share of the region's GDP

Sector Analysis

In 2022, services accounted for 68% of overall GDP, manufacturing 9%, other industrial activity 19%, and agriculture 4%. Looking at GDP by expenditure, private consumption accounted for 68% of GDP in 2023, government consumption 20%, fixed investment 17%, and net exports -5%.

GDP by economic sector
GDP by type of expenditure

International trade

In 2021, manufactured products made up 36% of total merchandise exports, mineral fuels 32%, food 20%, ores and metals 8% and agricultural raw materials 1%, with other categories accounting for 3% of the total. In the same period, manufactured products made up 52% of total merchandise imports, mineral fuels 28%, food 12%, ores and metals 4% and agricultural raw materials 1%, with other goods accounting for 3% of the total. Total exports were worth USD 54 billion in 2023, while total imports were USD 90 billion.

Key exports
Key imports
Key export partners
Key import partners

Main Economic Indicators

Economic growth

The economy recorded average annual growth of 1.0% in the decade to 2023. To read more about GDP growth in Greece, go to our dedicated page.

Fiscal policy

Greece's fiscal deficit averaged 3.7% of GDP in the decade to 2023. Find out more on our dedicated page.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate averaged 18.3% in the decade to 2024. For more information on Greece's unemployment click here.

Inflation

Inflation averaged 1.4% in the decade to 2024. Go to our Greece inflation page for extra insight.

Monetary Policy

Euro Area monetary policy rate ended 2024 at 3.15%, up from 0.05% a decade earlier. See our Greece monetary policy page for additional details.

Exchange Rate

From end-2014 to end-2024 the euro weakened by 20% vs the U.S. dollar. For more info on the euro, click here.

Economic situation in Greece

After decelerating in Q3, sequential GDP growth should have broadly matched Q3’s outturn in Q4, according to our Consensus. Tourist arrivals picked up steam year on year in October–November from Q3. That said, other available data suggests that risks to this projection are skewed to the downside. Downturns in both merchandise exports and industrial output deepened in the same two-month period. Moreover, economic sentiment softened in Q4 relative to Q3, mainly due to weaker confidence in the construction and retail sectors; with regards to the latter, retail sales fell in October and likely remained uninspiring during the remainder of the quarter as the unemployment rate ticked up. Heading into this year, healthier economic sentiment in January relative to Q4 suggests that the economy started 2025 on a stronger footing.

Greece Economic Forecasts

Projections out to 2034.

47 indicators covered including both annual and quarterly frequencies.

Consensus Forecasts based on a panel of 24 expert analysts.

Want to get insight on the economic outlook for Greece in the coming years? FocusEconomics collects projections out to 2034 on 47 economic indicators for Greece from a panel of 24 analysts at the leading national, regional and global forecast institutions. These projections are then validated by our in-house team of economists and data analysts, and averaged to provide one Consensus Forecast you can rely on for each indicator. This means you avoid the risk of relying on out of date, biased or outlier forecasts. Our Consensus Forecasts can be visualized in whichever way best suits your needs, including via interactive online dashboards , direct data delivery and executive-style reports which combine analysts' projections with timely written analysis from our in-house team of economists on the latest developments in the Greece economy. To download a sample report on the Greece's economy, click here. To get in touch with our team for more information, fill in the form at the bottom of this page.

Greece Economic Indicators

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Population (million) 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.4
GDP (EUR bn) 168 185 208 225 238
GDP per capita (EUR) 15,630 17,284 19,871 21,624 22,881
Economic Growth (Nominal GDP, ann. var. %) -9.5 10.2 12.6 8.3 5.5
Economic Growth (GDP, ann. var. %) -9.0 8.3 5.8 2.3 2.3
Domestic Demand (ann. var. %) -3.6 7.4 7.8 1.8 4.2
Private Consumption (ann. var. %) -6.1 5.4 8.8 1.7 1.9
Government Consumption (ann. var. %) 3.0 1.9 0.1 2.5 -4.1
Fixed Investment (ann. var. %) 1.6 20.8 16.2 7.0 4.3
Exports (G&S, ann. var. %) -21.5 24.4 6.6 1.9 1.0
Imports (G&S, ann. var. %) -7.3 17.4 11.0 0.9 5.5
Industrial Production (ann. var. %) -2.0 10.1 2.4 2.3 5.2
Retail Sales (ann. var. %) -4.0 10.2 3.3 -3.3 -1.6
Disposable Income (ann. var. %) -9.0 6.3 6.6 - -
Unemployment (% of active population, eop) 16.7 12.9 12.0 10.2 9.3
Unemployment (% of active population, aop) 17.6 14.8 12.5 11.1 10.1
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) -9.6 -6.9 -2.5 -1.3 -
Public Debt (% of GDP) 209 197 177 164 -
Inflation (CPI, ann. var. %, eop) -2.3 5.1 7.2 3.5 2.6
Inflation (HICP, ann. var. %, eop) -2.4 4.4 7.6 3.7 2.9
Inflation (HICP, ann. var. %, aop) -1.3 0.6 9.3 4.2 3.0
Inflation (PPI, ann. var. %, aop) -4.6 11.9 33.5 -6.5 -2.4
ECB Refinancing Rate (%, eop) 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.50 3.15
ECB Deposit Rate (%, eop) -0.50 -0.50 2.00 4.00 3.00
3-Month EURIBOR (%, eop) -0.55 -0.57 2.13 3.91 2.71
10-Year Bond Yield (%, eop) 0.63 1.31 4.57 3.08 3.25
Stock Market (var. of ASE %) -11.7 10.4 4.1 39.1 13.7
Exchange Rate (USD per EUR, eop) 1.22 1.14 1.07 1.10 1.04
Exchange Rate (USD per EUR, aop) 1.14 1.18 1.05 1.08 1.08
Current Account Balance (EUR bn) -11.0 -12.3 -21.2 -13.9 -15.1
Current Account Balance (% of GDP) -6.5 -6.6 -10.2 -6.2 -6.4
Merchandise Trade Balance (EUR bn) -18.5 -26.7 -39.6 -33.0 -35.7
Foreign Direct Investment (EUR bn) 2.6 5.6 7.9 4.9 -
Free Sample Report

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