Mount Fuji, Japan

Japan Economy

Japan economic overview

A large but fading economic presence:

Japan has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP. That said, Japan's relative economic weight has dimmed since the 1980s, when Japan was the world's second-largest economy and was closing the gap with the U.S.

Industrial powerhouse:

Japan's industrial sector is at the heart of its economic strength, particularly in automotive, machinery, robotics and electronics manufacturing. Companies like Toyota, Sony, and Panasonic are global household names, reflecting the country's reputation for quality and innovation. Japan's manufacturing approach, known for its efficiency and the pioneering of practices like ‘Just-In-Time' production, has been influential worldwide.

Services dynamism:

The service sector, including banking, insurance, retailing, transportation, and telecommunications, forms a significant part of Japan's economy. Tokyo, a key global financial center, hosts some of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies.

Prices and interest rates:

Japan is unique among major economies in having repeatedly suffered deflation over the last decade. As a result, Japan's central bank has kept interest rates in negative territory for a prolonged period, and only returned rates to positive territory in 2024.

Demographic- and debt-related challenges:

Japan has the world's second-most aged population, which has been in decline for over a decade due to a rock-bottom birth rate, and is forecast to continue falling in the coming years. Moreover, the country's public debt is the world's highest as a share of GDP, though fiscal stability risks are mitigated by the fact that most of the debt is denominated in yen and held by local institutions.

Japan's economic outlook:

Over the next few years, the government will likely focus on continuing to stimulate domestic demand, boosting defense spending against a backdrop of a more assertive China, increasing the currently-low female force participation rate, and investing in digitization and clean industries. However, our Consensus is for sub-1% growth over the forecast horizon in light of the dismal demographic situation. In the medium term, our Consensus is for inflation to dip back to well below the central bank's 2.0% target, although the country should avoid the deflation that was often present in the 2010s.

Japan's economy in numbers:

Nominal GDP of USD 4,256 billion in 2022.

GDP per capita of USD 34,001 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

Average real GDP growth of 0.7% over the last decade.

Share of the region's population
Share of the region's GDP

Economic structure:

In 2020, services accounted for 70% of overall GDP, manufacturing 20%, other industrial activity 9%, and agriculture 1%. Looking at GDP by expenditure, private consumption accounted for 54% of GDP in 2020, government consumption 21%, fixed investment 25%, and net exports 0%.

GDP by economic sector
GDP by type of expenditure

International trade:

In 2021, manufactured products made up 86% of total merchandise exports, mineral fuels 1%, food 1%, ores and metals 4% and agricultural raw materials 1%, with other categories accounting for 7% of the total. In the same period, manufactured products made up 58% of total merchandise imports, mineral fuels 20%, food 10%, ores and metals 9% and agricultural raw materials 2%, with other goods accounting for 1% of the total. Total exports were worth USD 751 billion in 2022, while total imports were USD 874 billion.

Key exports
Key imports
Key export partners
Key import partners

Economic growth:

The economy recorded average annual growth of 0.6% in the decade to 2022. To read more about GDP growth in Japan, go to our dedicated page.

Fiscal policy:

Japan's fiscal deficit averaged 5.6% of GDP in the decade to 2021. Find out more on our dedicated page.

Unemployment:

The unemployment rate averaged 3.1% in the decade to 2022. For more information on Japan's unemployment click here.

Inflation:

Inflation averaged 0.7% in the decade to 2022. Go to our Japan inflation page for extra insight.

Monetary Policy:

Japan's monetary policy rate ended 2022 at -0.10%, down from 0.10% a decade earlier. See our Japan monetary policy page for additional details.

Exchange Rate:

From end-2012 to end-2022 the yen weakened by 34.4% vs the U.S. dollar. For more info on the yen, click here.
Seasonally adjusted GDP shrank in annualized terms in Q1. Decade-high inflation rates pushed down private spending, and exports slumped on disruptions to auto production due to a certification scandal at a Toyota subsidiary. Turning to Q2, the economy should have rebounded. That said, Bank of Japan data suggest downside risks to the growth forecast; aggregate demand was just 0.7% below aggregate supply in Q1, meaning that growth in Q2 will likely run into long-term constraints on the economy, such as an aging and shrinking population. Looking at available data, industrial production grew and household spending stabilized in April–May, after shrinking in Q1. Meanwhile, nominal goods exports rose year on year for the seventh consecutive month in June—aided by a weak yen—and tourist arrivals topped three million for the third straight month in May.
Projections out to 2033.

58 indicators covered including both annual and quarterly frequencies.

Consensus Forecasts based on a panel of 58 expert analysts.

Want to get insight on the economic outlook for Japan in the coming years? FocusEconomics collects projections out to 2033 on 58 economic indicators for Japan from a panel of 58 analysts at the leading national, regional and global forecast institutions. These projections are then validated by our in-house team of economists and data analysts, and averaged to provide one Consensus Forecast you can rely on for each indicator. This means you avoid the risk of relying on out of date, biased or outlier forecasts. Our Consensus Forecasts can be visualized in whichever way best suits your needs, including via interactive online dashboards , direct data delivery and executive-style reports which combine analysts' projections with timely written analysis from our in-house team of economists on the latest developments in the Japan economy. To download a sample report on the Japan's economy, click here. To get in touch with our team for more information, fill in the form at the bottom of this page.

Japan Economic Data

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Population (million) 126 126 126 125 125
GDP (USD bn) 5,117 5,054 5,035 4,272 4,222
GDP per capita (USD) 40,542 40,161 40,121 34,126 33,880
GDP (JPY bn) 557,911 539,646 553,151 561,766 593,428
Economic Growth (Nominal GDP, ann. var. %) 0.2 -3.3 2.5 1.6 5.6
Economic Growth (GDP, ann. var. %) -0.4 -4.2 2.7 1.2 1.8
Domestic Demand (ann. var. %) 0.0 -3.3 1.7 1.7 0.8
Private Consumption (ann. var. %) -0.6 -4.4 0.8 2.2 0.6
Government Consumption (ann. var. %) 1.9 2.4 3.4 1.7 0.5
Private Non-Residential Inv. (ann. var. %) -0.7 -5.1 1.6 2.8 2.2
Government Investment (ann. var. %) 2.9 5.0 -6.3 -6.5 0.0
Fixed Investment (ann. var. %) 0.5 -3.7 0.4 -0.6 1.9
Exports (G&S, ann. var. %) -1.5 -11.6 11.9 5.5 3.2
Imports (G&S, ann. var. %) 1.0 -6.8 5.1 7.9 -1.3
Industrial Production (ann. var. %) -2.7 -10.4 5.4 -0.2 -1.3
Nominal Retail Sales (ann. var. %) 0.1 -3.4 2.0 2.6 5.7
Unemployment (% of active population, eop) 2.2 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.5
Unemployment (% of active population, aop) 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) -3.0 -9.1 -6.1 -4.4 -
Public Debt (% of GDP) 236 258 254 257 252
Inflation (CPI, ann. var. %, eop) 0.8 -1.2 0.8 4.0 2.6
Inflation (CPI, ann. var. %, aop) 0.5 0.0 -0.2 2.5 3.2
Inflation (Core, ann. var. %, eop) 0.8 -1.1 0.6 4.0 2.2
Inflation (Core, ann. var. %, aop) 0.6 -0.2 -0.2 2.3 3.1
Inflation (PPI, ann. var. %, aop) 0.2 -1.2 4.6 9.8 4.2
BOJ Policy Rate (%, eop) -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
TONAR (%, eop) -0.07 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04
10-Year Bond Yield (%, eop) -0.03 0.02 0.07 0.41 0.62
Stock Market (ann. var. of Nikkei 225, %) 18.2 16.0 4.9 -9.4 28.2
Exchange Rate (JPY per USD, eop) 109 103 115 132 141
Exchange Rate (JPY per USD, aop) 109 107 110 132 141
Current Account Balance (USD bn) 176.6 149.8 195.4 87.1 152.1
Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 3.5 3.0 3.9 2.0 3.6
Merchandise Trade Balance (USD bn) 0 25 16 -121 -46
Merchandise Exports (USD bn) 697 629 749 751 713
Merchandise Imports (USD bn) 698 604 733 872 759
Merchandise Exports (ann. var. %) -5.2 -9.8 19.1 0.3 -5.1
Merchandise Imports (ann. var. %) -3.4 -13.4 21.4 19.0 -13.0
Foreign Direct Investment (USD bn) 13.8 11.8 34.3 34.2 21.4

Q&A:

  1. Will Germany's economy surpass Japan's?

  2. Germany's GDP is projected to surpass Japan's in 2023 as the world's third-largest economy in nominal GDP terms at market prices. However, Japan's economy is still robust and could regain its footing in the future.

  3. Is Japan doing well economically?

  4. Japan's recovery from Covid-19 has been robust, driven by factors such as strong exports—with a weakening yen making exports more competitive—and a modest rebound in domestic demand. However, the economy still faces challenges such as an aging population and a large public debt.

  5. What type of economy does Japan have?

  6. Japan has a mixed economy. It features a highly developed market, with significant government intervention and protectionism in some sectors. This blend allows for both economic growth and social welfare, making Japan one of the world's leading economic powers.

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