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Las reservas internacionales (o activos de reserva en la balanza de pagos) son aquellos activos exteriores que están fácilmente disponibles y controlados por las autoridades monetarias de un país. Según el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), las reservas internacionales comprenden las divisas, otros activos denominados en divisas, las reservas de oro, los derechos especiales de giro (DEG) y las posiciones de reserva del FMI. Estas reservas pueden utilizarse para financiar directamente desequilibrios en los pagos internacionales, o para regular indirectamente la magnitud de dichos desequilibrios mediante la intervención en los mercados de divisas con el fin de afectar al tipo de cambio de la moneda del país. Una definición más restringida de las reservas internacionales sólo incluye los depósitos en divisas y los bonos. Estos activos en manos de las autoridades monetarias del país suelen estar denominados en distintas monedas de reserva, principalmente el dólar estadounidense (USD), el euro (EUR), el yen japonés (JPY) y la libra esterlina (GBP).
Este gráfico muestra Reservas internacionales (en millones de dólares) para Oriente Medio y África del Norte, Zona euro de 2010 a 2022.
Reservas internacionales (USD) Datos
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afganistán | 7 | 6 | 6 | - | - |
| Albania | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 5.3 |
| Alemania | 198 | 224 | 268 | 297 | 295 |
| Andorra | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Angola | 16.2 | 17.2 | 14.9 | 15.5 | 14.5 |
| Antigua y Barbuda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arabia Saudí | 496 | 499 | 453 | 455 | 459 |
| Argelia | 80 | 63 | 49 | 46 | 62 |
| Argentina | 66 | 45 | 39 | 40 | 45 |
| Armenia | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 4.1 |
| Aruba | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Australia | 53.74 | 58.94 | 43.09 | 58.76 | 57.94 |
| Austria | 23.2 | 23.6 | 30.4 | 34.1 | - |
| Azerbaiyán | 6.7 | 7.0 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 11.3 |
| Bahamas, Las | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Bahrein | 1.9 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 3.9 | - |
| Bangladesh | 32.0 | 32.7 | 43.2 | 46.2 | 33.7 |
| Barbados | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Bélgica | 27 | 29 | 33 | 42 | 41 |
| Belice | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Benín | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Bhután | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Bielorrusia | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Bolivia | 7.2 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina. | 6.8 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 8.8 |
| Botswana | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | - |
| Brasil | 375 | 357 | 356 | 362 | 325 |
| Brunei | 3.2 | 4.1 | 3.7 | - | - |
| Bulgaria | 28.7 | 27.9 | 37.7 | 39.3 | 41.0 |
| Burkina Faso | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Burundi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cabo Verde | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Camboya | 13.4 | 17.0 | 18.6 | 17.3 | 14.7 |
| Camerún | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | - |
| Canadá | 83.93 | 85.30 | 90.43 | 106.62 | 107.26 |
| CdI | 6.4 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 10.7 | - |
| Chad | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Chile | 40 | 41 | 39 | 51 | 39 |
| China | 3,168 | 3,223 | 3,357 | 3,427 | 3,307 |
| Chipre | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 20 |
| Cisjordania y Gaza | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Colombia | 48.4 | 53.2 | 59.0 | 58.6 | 57.3 |
| Comoras | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Congo | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Corea | 404 | 409 | 443 | 463 | 423 |
| Costa Rica | 7.5 | 8.9 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 8.6 |
| Croacia | 19.9 | 20.8 | 23.2 | 28.5 | 29.8 |
| Dinamarca | 70 | 66 | 72 | 81 | 85 |
| Dominica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EAU | 99 | 107 | 103 | 128 | 134 |
| Ecuador | 2.7 | 3.4 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 8.5 |
| Egipto | 44 | 44 | 38 | 41 | 33 |
| El Salvador | 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.7 |
| Eritrea | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| Eslovaquia | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 |
| Eslovenia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| España | 71 | 75 | 81 | 93 | 93 |
| Estados Unidos | 125.80 | 129.48 | 144.89 | 251.24 | 243.76 |
| Estonia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Etiopía | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | - | - |
| Fiji | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Filipinas | 79.2 | 87.8 | 110.1 | 108.8 | 96.1 |
| Finlandia | 10.3 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 16.8 | 16.1 |
| Francia | 175 | 195 | 232 | 254 | 254 |
| Gabón | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Gambia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Georgia | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.9 |
| Ghana | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 9.8 | - |
| Grecia | 8 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 12 |
| Grenada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Guatemala | 12.8 | 14.8 | 18.5 | 20.9 | 20.0 |
| Guinea | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Guinea Ecuatorial | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Guinea-Bissau | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 |
| Guyana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Haití | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 |
| Honduras | 4.8 | 5.7 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.4 |
| Hong Kong | 425 | 441 | 492 | 497 | 424 |
| Hungría | 31.4 | 31.9 | 41.3 | 43.6 | 41.2 |
| India | 413 | 478 | 577 | 607 | - |
| Indonesia | 121 | 129 | 136 | 145 | 137 |
| Irán | 122 | 15 | 14 | 18 | 31 |
| Iraq | 60.8 | 63.3 | 48.6 | 58.6 | - |
| Islandia | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 5.9 |
| Islas Salomón | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Israel | 115.3 | 126.0 | 173.3 | 213.0 | 194.2 |
| Italia | 152 | 175 | 210 | 229 | - |
| Jamaica | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.5 |
| Japón | 1,270.98 | 1,323.75 | 1,394.68 | 1,405.75 | 1,227.58 |
| Jordania | 14.6 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 19.0 | 18.2 |
| Kazajstán | 31 | 29 | 36 | 34 | 35 |
| Kenia | 8.2 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 8.0 |
| Kirguistán | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.0 | - |
| Kosovo | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Kuwait | 37 | 40 | 48 | 45 | 48 |
| Laos | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Lesotho | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Letonia | 4.4 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 4.5 |
| Líbano | 40.6 | 38.2 | 25.0 | 18.5 | 15.8 |
| Liberia | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Libia | 81 | 79 | 73 | 75 | 80 |
| Lituania | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
| Luxemburgo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Macao | 20 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 26 |
| Macedonia del Norte | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
| Madagascar | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Malasia | 101 | 104 | 108 | 117 | 115 |
| Malawi | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Maldivas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Mali | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - |
| Malta | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Marruecos | 24 | 26 | 36 | 36 | 32 |
| Mauricio | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Mauritania | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| México | 175 | 181 | 196 | 202 | 199 |
| Micronesia, Estados Federados de | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Moldavia | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.5 |
| Mongolia | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Montenegro | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Mozambique | 3.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 2.9 |
| Myanmar | 5.6 | 5.8 | 7.7 | - | - |
| Namibia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Nauru | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Nepal | 8 | 8 | 11 | 9 | - |
| Nicaragua | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 |
| Níger | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nigeria | 43.1 | 38.6 | 35.4 | 40.5 | 37.1 |
| Noruega | 63 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 72 |
| Nueva Zelanda | 17.64 | 17.85 | 13.70 | 16.15 | 14.39 |
| Omán | 17 | 17 | 15 | 20 | 18 |
| Países Bajos | 38 | 43 | 54 | 65 | 64 |
| Pakistán | 14 | 12 | 17 | 22 | 15 |
| Palau | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Panamá | 2 | 3 | 10 | - | - |
| Papúa Nueva Guinea | 2 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Paraguay | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| Perú | 60 | 68 | 75 | 79 | 72 |
| Polonia | 117.0 | 128.4 | 154.2 | 166.0 | 166.7 |
| Portugal | 25 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 32 |
| Qatar | 30.4 | 39.7 | 41.0 | 42.2 | 47.4 |
| Reino Unido | 160 | 158 | 161 | 176 | 158 |
| República Centroafricana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| República Checa | 142.5 | 149.9 | 166.1 | 173.6 | 140.0 |
| República Democrática del Congo | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 3.5 | - |
| República Dominicana | 7.6 | 8.8 | 10.8 | 13.0 | 14.4 |
| Ruanda | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 |
| Rumanía | 42.1 | 42.0 | 52.0 | 52.1 | 55.8 |
| Rusia | 468 | 554 | 596 | 631 | 582 |
| Samoa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| San Cristóbal y Nieves | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| San Marino | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | - |
| San Vicente y las Granadinas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Santa Lucía | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Santo Tomé y Príncipe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Senegal | 3.4 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 3.6 |
| Serbia | 12.9 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 18.7 | 20.7 |
| Seychelles | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Sierra Leona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Singapur | 288 | 279 | 362 | 418 | 289 |
| Somalia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Sri Lanka | 7 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 2 |
| Suazilandia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sudáfrica | 46.4 | 49.1 | 47.4 | 50.1 | 53.2 |
| Sudán del Sur | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Suecia | 60 | 56 | 59 | 62 | 65 |
| Suiza | 787.70 | 853.42 | 1,079.39 | 1,113.03 | 921.09 |
| Surinam | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Tailandia | 206 | 224 | 258 | 246 | 217 |
| Taiwán | 462 | 478 | 530 | 548 | 555 |
| Tanzania | 5.0 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 5.2 |
| Tayikistán | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
| Timor-Leste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Togo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tonga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trinidad y Tobago | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Túnez | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
| Turkmenistán | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Turquía | 73 | 79 | 50 | 73 | 83 |
| Tuvalu | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Ucrania | 20.8 | 25.3 | 29.1 | 30.9 | 28.5 |
| Uganda | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 3.5 |
| Uruguay | 15.6 | 14.5 | 16.2 | 17.0 | 15.1 |
| Uzbekistán | 27 | 29 | 35 | 35 | 36 |
| Vanuatu | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Venezuela | 9 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 10 |
| Vietnam | 55.5 | 78.3 | 94.8 | 109.4 | - |
| Yemen | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Yibuti | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Zambia | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 3.0 |
| Zimbabue | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Zona euro | 378 | 387 | 423 | 566 | 557 |