Macchu Picchu Peru

Peru Economic Data & Projections

Peru Economic Outlook

Volatile economic growth trajectory:

Located on the western coast of South America, Peru boasts the sixth-largest economy in Latin America, with a GDP of over USD 250 billion and a population of 34 million. It is classified as an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank, though GDP per capita is still below the Latin American average. Peru's economy experienced significant growth in the decade leading up to the pandemic, often exceeding 4% year on year. However, the economy saw a double-digit contraction in 2020, and eked out soft growth in 2022 and 2023 below the Latin America average, weighed on by socio-political instability.

Free trade promoter:

Peru is an active promoter of free trade, being a member of the Andean Community along with Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, part of the Pacific Alliance together with Chile, Colombia and Mexico, and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). Peru also has trade deals in place with the EU and the U.S.

Large mining sector:

Peru's economy is characterized by its reliance on natural resource exports, particularly mining, as well as a growing services sector. Peru is the world's second-largest copper producer, and is also an important producer of gold and zinc. That said, mining activity has been periodically disrupted in recent years by protests by local communities; these protests are also weighing on investment in the sector.

Chronic political instability:

Peru's congress is highly fragmented, with dozens of political groupings enjoying parliamentary representation, making policymaking difficult. Moreover, congress has in recent years frequently removed sitting presidents; the country has seen four presidents since 2020. This is hampering structural economic reforms and holding back investment.

Challenges:

In addition to the aforementioned political instability, the Peruvian economy faces challenges including social unrest, a weak education system, exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices and vulnerability to extreme weather events—including the El Niño climate phenomenon, which tends to bring heavy rains.

Peru's economic outlook:

Peru still holds significant potential for growth, given its growing consumer market, abundant natural resources, attractiveness as a tourism destination and large web of trade agreements. Our Consensus is for growth to return to rates above the regional average in the coming years, though the economy will remain restrained by political disfunction.

Peru's Macroeconomic Analysis:

Nominal GDP of USD 295 billion in 2024.

Nominal GDP of USD 289 billion in 2024.

Nominal GDP of USD 268 billion in 2023.

GDP per capita of USD 7,931 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

GDP per capita of USD 8,486 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

GDP per capita of USD 8,653 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.

Average real GDP growth of 2.4% over the last decade.

Average real GDP growth of 2.4% over the last decade.

Average real GDP growth of 2.6% over the last decade.

Share of the region's population
Share of the region's GDP

Sector Analysis

In 2022, services accounted for 49.6% of overall GDP, manufacturing 12.4%, other industrial activity 30.9%, and agriculture 7.1%. Looking at GDP by expenditure, private consumption accounted for 64.3% of GDP in 2023, government consumption 13.7%, fixed investment 18.8%, and net exports 3.2%.

GDP by economic sector
GDP by type of expenditure

International trade

In 2022, manufactured products made up 9.9% of total merchandise exports, mineral fuels 10.7%, food 22.7%, ores and metals 43.1% and agricultural raw materials 1.0%, with other categories accounting for 12.6% of the total. In the same period, manufactured products made up 66.3% of total merchandise imports, mineral fuels 18.4%, food 11.9%, ores and metals 2.1% and agricultural raw materials 1.2%, with other goods accounting for 0.1% of the total. Total exports were worth USD 75.90 billion in 2024, while total imports were USD 52.10 billion.

Key exports
Key imports
Key export partners
Key import partners

Main Economic Indicators

Economic growth

The economy recorded average annual growth of 2.6% in the decade to 2023. To read more about GDP growth in Peru, go to our dedicated page.

Fiscal policy

Peru's fiscal deficit averaged 2.4% of GDP in the decade to 2023. Find out more on our dedicated page.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate averaged 7.7% in the decade to 2024. For more information on Peru's unemployment click here.

Inflation

Inflation averaged 3.5% in the decade to 2024. Go to our Peru inflation page for extra insight.

Monetary Policy

Peru's monetary policy rate ended 2024 at 5.00%, up from 3.50% a decade earlier. See our Peru monetary policy page for additional details.

Exchange Rate

From end-2014 to end-2024 the sol weakened by 21.1% vs the U.S. dollar. For more info on the sol, click here.

Economic situation in Peru

After expanding at the fastest year-on-year rate in over three years in Q4, the economy lost steam in Q1, while outperforming the Latin American average. This regional outperformance was underpinned by a higher anchovy catch, strong metal mining activity, healthier construction investment, interest rate cuts and higher real wages. Turning to Q2, our Consensus is for GDP growth to lose further steam due to a higher base of comparison plus U.S. tariffs. However, Peru’s economy will continue to grow faster than that of Latin America as a whole. In politics, Peruvian President Dina Boluarte appointed Eduardo Arana as prime minister after his predecessor resigned amid mounting pressure from Congress; the reshuffle is unlikely to stem institutional instability, which remains a drag on private investment.

Peru Economic Forecasts

Projections out to 2034.

53 indicators covered including both annual and quarterly frequencies.

Consensus Forecasts based on a panel of 43 expert analysts.

Want to get insight on the economic outlook for Peru in the coming years? FocusEconomics collects projections out to 2034 on 53 economic indicators for Peru from a panel of 43 analysts at the leading national, regional and global forecast institutions. These projections are then validated by our in-house team of economists and data analysts, and averaged to provide one Consensus Forecast you can rely on for each indicator. This means you avoid the risk of relying on out of date, biased or outlier forecasts. Our Consensus Forecasts can be visualized in whichever way best suits your needs, including via interactive online dashboards , direct data delivery and executive-style reports which combine analysts' projections with timely written analysis from our in-house team of economists on the latest developments in the Peru economy. To download a sample report on the Peru's economy, click here. To get in touch with our team for more information, fill in the form at the bottom of this page.

Peru Economic Indicators

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Population (million) 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.7 34.1
GDP (USD bn) 210 230 248 272 295
GDP per capita (USD) 6,437 6,949 7,430 8,058 8,653
GDP (PEN bn) 734 892 952 1,017 1,107
Economic Growth (Nominal GDP, ann. var. %) -7.0 21.5 6.7 6.9 8.8
Economic Growth (GDP, ann. var. %) -10.9 13.4 2.8 -0.4 3.3
Domestic Demand (ann. var. %) -9.3 13.9 2.4 -1.1 4.0
Total Consumption (ann. var. %) -7.0 11.1 2.9 0.9 2.7
Private Consumption (ann. var. %) -9.9 12.5 3.5 0.1 2.8
Government Consumption (ann. var. %) 7.9 4.8 -0.2 4.9 2.1
Fixed Investment (ann. var. %) -16.1 33.2 1.1 -4.5 5.6
Exports (G&S, ann. var. %) -19.8 12.7 5.5 4.1 6.1
Imports (G&S, ann. var. %) -13.6 14.8 3.6 1.3 8.4
Manufacturing Production (ann. var. %) -12.6 18.7 1.0 -6.6 4.0
Commerce (ann. var. %) -13.3 17.2 3.2 2.2 3.0
Unemployment (% of active population, eop) 13.8 7.8 7.1 6.4 5.5
Unemployment (% of active population, aop) 12.8 11.3 7.7 6.9 6.6
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) -8.7 -2.5 -1.7 -2.7 -3.5
Public Debt (% of GDP) 34.0 35.3 33.3 32.4 32.1
Money (ann. var. of M2 %) 37.7 -4.0 0.4 2.6 13.8
Inflation (CPI, ann. var. %, eop) 2.0 6.4 8.5 3.2 2.0
Inflation (CPI, ann. var. %, aop) 1.8 4.0 7.9 6.3 2.4
Inflation (Core, ann. var. %, eop) 1.8 3.8 6.5 4.4 2.6
Inflation (WPI, ann. var. %, eop) 1.6 13.6 7.0 -1.0 -1.4
Monetary Policy Rate (%, eop) 0.25 2.50 7.50 6.75 5.00
Exchange Rate (PEN per USD, eop) 3.62 3.99 3.81 3.70 3.76
Exchange Rate (PEN per USD, aop) 3.50 3.88 3.84 3.74 3.75
Current Account Balance (USD bn) 1.6 -5.1 -10.0 0.9 6.4
Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 0.7 -2.2 -4.0 0.3 2.2
Merchandise Trade Balance (USD bn) 8.1 15.1 10.3 17.1 24.1
Merchandise Exports (USD bn) 42.8 63.1 66.3 67.1 76.2
Merchandise Imports (USD bn) 34.7 48.0 56.0 50.0 52.1
Merchandise Exports (ann. var. %) -10.8 47.4 5.1 1.2 13.5
Merchandise Imports (ann. var. %) -15.5 38.2 16.7 -10.8 4.3
Foreign Direct Investment (USD bn) -0.8 6.3 12.0 3.3 -
International Reserves (USD bn) 74.9 78.5 72.2 71.3 79.2
International Reserves (months of imports) 25.9 19.6 15.5 17.1 18.2
External Debt (USD bn) 89.6 102.0 101.6 105.0 108.4
External Debt (% of GDP) 42.7 44.4 41.0 38.6 36.8

Q&A:

  1. How is the economy in Peru?

  2. Peru's economy has been dynamic in the last few decades but faces challenges. It benefits from rich natural resources, particularly in mining and agriculture, and has seen growth in sectors like manufacturing and tourism. However, it grapples with issues like income inequality, political instability, and reliance on commodity exports, which can be volatile.
  3. Does Peru have a strong economy?

  4. Peru has a growing economy with strong sectors in mining, agriculture, and fisheries. Peru is classified as an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank and is a member of the Pacific Alliance and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). However, its economy faces challenges like income inequality, a chaotic political panorama and reliance on volatile commodity exports.
  5. Does Peru have natural resource wealth?

  6. Yes, Peru has abundant natural resource wealth, with copper, gold and iron among the country's top exports.
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