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International Reserves (USD)

International reserves (or reserve assets in the balance of payments) are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by a country’s monetary authorities. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), international reserves comprise foreign currencies, other assets denominated in foreign currencies, gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve positions. These reserves may be used for direct financing of international payments imbalances, or for indirect regulation of the magnitude of such imbalances via intervention in foreign exchange markets in order to affect the exchange rate of the country’s currency. A narrower definition for international reserves only includes foreign currency deposits and bonds. These assets held by the country’s monetary authorities are usually denominated in different reserve currencies, mostly the U.S. dollar (USD), the Euro (EUR), the Japanese yen (JPY) and the British pound (GBP).

This chart displays International Reserves (USD bn) for Euro Area, South Asia, Middle East & North Africa, Latin America from 2010 to 2023.

International Reserves (USD) Data

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Afghanistan 6.6 6.2 5.9 - -
Albania 3.9 3.8 4.8 5.7 5.3
Algeria 80.2 63.3 48.9 46.1 61.7
Andorra - - 0.1 0.1 0.1
Angola 16.2 17.2 14.9 15.5 14.7
Antigua and Barbuda 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4
Argentina 65.8 44.8 39.4 39.7 44.6
Armenia 2.3 2.8 2.6 3.2 4.1
Aruba 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4
Australia 53.9 58.0 42.5 57.8 56.7
Austria 23.9 23.5 28.3 35.5 32.7
Azerbaijan 6.7 7.1 7.8 8.3 11.3
Bahamas, The 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.6
Bahrain 1.9 3.4 1.9 3.9 3.7
Bangladesh 32.0 32.7 43.2 46.2 33.7
Barbados 0.5 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.5
Belarus 7.4 9.2 7.4 8.5 7.8
Belgium 27.7 28.9 31.0 43.7 40.8
Belize 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5
Benin 2.2 1.1 2.0 3.3 1.6
Bhutan 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.9 -
Bolivia 7.2 4.4 2.7 2.2 1.3
Bosnia-Herz. 7.0 7.2 8.1 9.9 8.6
Botswana 6.7 6.2 4.9 4.8 4.3
Brazil 375 357 356 362 325
Brunei 3.2 4.1 3.7 4.7 4.8
Bulgaria 29.6 27.8 35.2 40.9 40.4
Burkina Faso 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2
Cabo Verde 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
Cambodia 14.6 18.8 21.3 20.3 17.8
Cameroon 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.3 5.2
Canada 83.9 85.3 90.4 106.6 107.3
CdI 6.4 7.4 9.4 10.7 -
Central African Republic 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Chad 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 -
Chile 39.9 40.7 39.2 51.3 39.2
China 3,168 3,223 3,357 3,427 3,307
Colombia 48.4 53.2 59.0 58.6 57.3
Comoros 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Congo 0.4 1.0 1.1 0.8 -
Costa Rica 7.5 8.9 7.2 6.9 8.6
Croatia 20.0 20.8 23.3 28.3 29.7
Cyprus 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7
Czech Republic 143 150 166 174 140
Denmark 72.8 65.7 67.4 84.7 84.1
Djibouti 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6
Dominica 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Dominican Republic 7.6 8.8 10.8 13.0 14.4
DR Congo 0.7 1.2 0.7 3.5 -
Ecuador 2.7 3.4 7.2 7.9 8.5
Egypt 44.3 44.5 38.2 40.6 33.4
El Salvador 3.6 4.4 3.1 3.4 2.7
Equatorial Guinea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4
Eritrea 0.2 0.2 - - -
Estonia 0.8 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.2
Ethiopia 4.0 3.0 3.0 - -
Euro Area 823 914 1,079 1,197 1,187
Fiji 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.3
Finland 10.3 11.4 13.5 16.7 16.0
France 167 189 225 244 243
Gabon 1.1 1.2 - - -
Gambia, The 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.6
Georgia 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.9
Germany 198 224 269 296 295
Ghana 7.0 8.4 8.6 9.7 6.3
Greece 7.6 8.5 11.9 14.5 12.1
Grenada 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
Guatemala 12.8 14.8 18.5 20.9 20.0
Guinea 0.9 1.1 1.1 - -
Guinea-Bissau 2.9 1.4 4.6 1.6 3.6
Guyana 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Haiti 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.4
Honduras 4.8 5.7 8.1 8.7 8.4
Hong Kong 425 441 492 497 424
Hungary 32.4 31.8 38.5 45.3 40.6
Iceland 6.8 6.7 6.0 7.3 6.2
India 413 478 577 607 578
Indonesia 121 129 136 145 137
Iran 122.5 15.0 13.8 17.7 19.5
Iraq 60.8 63.3 48.6 58.6 89.4
Israel 115 126 173 213 194
Italy 153 175 211 228 225
Jamaica 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.8 4.5
Japan 1,271 1,324 1,395 1,406 1,228
Jordan 14.6 15.4 17.0 19.0 18.2
Kazakhstan 30.9 29.0 35.6 34.4 35.1
Kenya 8.2 9.1 8.3 9.5 8.0
Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0
Korea 404 409 443 463 423
Kosovo 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2
Kuwait 37.1 39.9 48.2 45.0 48.0
Kyrgyzstan 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.8
Laos 1.0 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.6
Latvia 4.4 4.5 5.3 5.5 4.5
Lebanon 40.6 38.2 25.0 18.5 15.8
Lesotho 0.7 0.8 - - -
Liberia 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.6
Libya 80.5 79.0 72.6 75.4 79.9
Lithuania 5.8 5.1 4.8 5.6 5.4
Luxembourg 1.0 1.1 1.0 3.0 2.8
Macao 20.3 22.2 25.1 26.7 26.0
Madagascar 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.8
Malawi 0.8 0.8 0.6 - -
Malaysia 101 104 108 117 115
Maldives 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8
Mali 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.4
Malta 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2
Mauritania 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 -
Mauritius 5.7 6.6 6.4 7.5 6.7
Mexico 175 181 196 202 199
Micronesia, Federated States of 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 -
Moldova 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.9 4.5
Mongolia 3.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 3.4
Montenegro 1.2 1.5 2.1 2.0 2.0
Morocco 24.5 26.3 36.0 35.6 32.2
Mozambique 3.0 3.8 4.0 3.4 2.8
Myanmar 5.7 5.9 7.7 8.3 -
Namibia 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.6
Nauru 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nepal 8.1 8.4 11.1 9.2 8.9
Netherlands 39.7 43.3 50.0 67.3 62.7
New Zealand 18.2 17.4 12.3 16.7 14.4
Nicaragua 2.3 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.4
Niger 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nigeria 43.1 38.6 35.4 40.5 37.1
North Macedonia 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.1
Norway 67.4 66.8 68.2 86.6 73.9
Oman 17.4 16.7 15.0 19.7 17.6
Pakistan 11.3 16.0 18.6 22.7 9.8
Palau 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Panama 2.1 3.4 9.6 8.8 6.9
Papua New Guinea 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.9
Paraguay 8.0 7.7 9.5 9.9 9.8
Peru 60.3 68.4 74.9 78.5 72.2
Philippines 79.2 87.8 110.1 108.8 96.1
Poland 117 128 154 166 167
Portugal 25.7 24.9 27.4 34.0 31.9
Qatar 30.4 39.7 41.0 42.2 47.4
Romania 42.1 42.0 52.0 52.1 55.8
Russia 468 554 596 631 582
Rwanda 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.7
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
Saint Lucia 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
Samoa 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
San Marino 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.7
Sao Tome and Principe 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Saudi Arabia 497 500 453 455 459
Senegal 3.4 3.2 5.0 4.7 3.6
Serbia 13.3 15.0 15.4 19.5 20.4
Seychelles 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6
Sierra Leone 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6
Singapore 291 275 347 419 282
Slovakia 3.9 5.7 6.7 7.2 9.2
Slovenia 0.9 1.0 1.3 2.3 2.3
Solomon Islands 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6
Somalia 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2
South Africa 50.4 47.5 42.3 54.0 55.3
South Sudan 0.0 0.4 0.2 - -
Spain 72.8 74.5 75.6 96.3 91.7
Sri Lanka 6.9 7.6 5.7 3.1 1.9
Sudan 0 0 0 1 1
Suriname 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9
Swaziland 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4
Sweden 60.5 55.5 58.5 62.4 64.8
Switzerland 787 855 1,083 1,110 924
Taiwan 462 478 530 548 555
Tajikistan 1.3 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.8
Tanzania 5.0 5.6 4.8 6.4 5.2
Thailand 206 224 258 246 217
Timor-Leste 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8
Togo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tonga 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Trinidad and Tobago 7.5 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7
Tunisia 5.2 7.5 9.2 8.7 7.8
Turkey 72.9 78.6 50.0 72.7 82.9
Turkmenistan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Tuvalu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
UAE 99 107 103 128 134
Uganda 3.2 3.2 3.8 4.3 3.6
Ukraine 20.8 25.3 29.1 30.9 28.5
United Kingdom 160 158 161 176 158
United States 126 129 145 251 244
Uruguay 15.6 14.5 16.2 17.0 15.1
Uzbekistan 27.1 29.2 34.9 35.1 35.8
Vanuatu 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
Venezuela 8.8 6.6 6.4 10.9 9.9
Vietnam 55.5 78.3 94.8 109.4 86.5
West Bank and Gaza 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9
Yemen 3.0 1.7 1.0 1.7 1.3
Zambia 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.8 3.0
Zimbabwe 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.6

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