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La inversión suele referirse a la inversión fija bruta o, más exactamente, a la formación bruta de capital fijo (FBCF). La formación bruta de capital fijo es un agregado macroeconómico utilizado en la contabilidad nacional que mide el valor de las adquisiciones de activos fijos nuevos o existentes con una vida útil superior a un año por parte del sector empresarial (la contabilidad nacional suele considerar el gasto personal y la mayor parte del gasto público como consumo).
La formación bruta de capital fijo incluye el gasto en fábricas, maquinaria, equipos, edificios (incluidas las viviendas residenciales privadas) e infraestructuras. La inversión se denomina «bruta» porque no tiene en cuenta el consumo de activos fijos (depreciación); se utiliza el término «fija» porque no se incluyen las existencias (stocks); y se utiliza el término «formación de capital» porque no se incluyen las inversiones financieras.
El componente de inversión del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) es mucho más cíclico que el consumo. Cuando las empresas esperan que el crecimiento económico sea fuerte, es más probable que inviertan. El nivel de utilización de la capacidad y los tipos de interés también determinan las decisiones de inversión.
This chart displays Inversión fija (% var. anual) for Oriente Medio y África del Norte, Asia del Sur, América Latina, Zona euro, Principales economías from 2010 to 2024.
Inversión (variación anual en %) Datos
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | -2.2 | -0.9 | 19.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 5.8 |
| Alemania | 2.0 | -3.0 | 0.8 | -0.1 | -2.0 | -3.3 |
| Angola | 16.6 | -2.0 | 5.4 | 8.5 | -5.3 | 7.2 |
| Arabia Saudí | 4.1 | -3.1 | 3.6 | 19.7 | 9.4 | 1.6 |
| Argelia | -0.6 | -7.1 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 9.8 | 9.6 |
| Argentina | -16.0 | -13.1 | 34.0 | 10.5 | -2.0 | -17.2 |
| Armenia | 4.4 | -1.5 | 23.6 | 14.0 | 9.0 | 11.2 |
| Australia | -2.3 | -2.3 | 10.6 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 2.2 |
| Austria | 4.5 | -5.1 | 6.0 | 0.3 | -3.1 | -2.3 |
| Azerbaiyán | 1.1 | -7.3 | -4.5 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 7.0 |
| Bahrein | 0.8 | -3.4 | -3.3 | 18.7 | 2.1 | 2.5 |
| Bélgica | 4.4 | -5.1 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 1.4 |
| Belice | 5.6 | -10.5 | 26.2 | 12.8 | 7.1 | 5.4 |
| Bielorrusia | 6.2 | -6.9 | -5.1 | -17.7 | 17.2 | 7.8 |
| Bolivia | -3.5 | -25.9 | 11.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | -8.5 |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina. | 5.8 | -4.1 | 5.1 | 0.3 | 12.1 | 2.2 |
| Botswana | 10.2 | -9.2 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 4.2 | 5.0 |
| Brasil | 4.0 | -1.7 | 12.9 | 1.1 | -3.0 | 7.3 |
| Brunei | -4.4 | -9.3 | -13.9 | -1.8 | 0.2 | -4.7 |
| Bulgaria | 4.5 | 0.6 | -8.3 | 6.5 | 10.2 | -1.1 |
| Camboya | 14.7 | -1.8 | 4.7 | 5.4 | -0.5 | 0.9 |
| Camerún | 3.3 | -4.2 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 4.2 | 10.0 |
| Canadá | 0.8 | -3.8 | 8.8 | -1.2 | -1.6 | 0.1 |
| CdI | 6.9 | 3.8 | 14.9 | 13.2 | 8.5 | 10.5 |
| Chile | 4.5 | -10.8 | 16.0 | 4.6 | -0.1 | -1.4 |
| Chipre | 6.9 | 6.0 | 1.9 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 0.1 |
| Colombia | 2.2 | -23.6 | 16.7 | 11.5 | -12.7 | 3.2 |
| Corea | -2.1 | 2.8 | 4.3 | -0.2 | -0.2 | -0.8 |
| Costa Rica | -8.2 | -3.4 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 8.6 | 4.3 |
| Croacia | 12.8 | -6.3 | 4.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.9 |
| Cuba | -0.4 | -3.9 | 0.1 | -5.8 | 2.3 | -1.3 |
| Dinamarca | -0.8 | 4.3 | 12.8 | 1.8 | -3.8 | 3.0 |
| EAU | 3.68 | -20.38 | 21.19 | 56.68 | 4.22 | - |
| Ecuador | -2.3 | -21.8 | 13.7 | 9.2 | 0.2 | -3.8 |
| El Salvador | 6.3 | -7.2 | 25.3 | 3.1 | 9.4 | 4.7 |
| Eslovaquia | 5.0 | -9.6 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 1.8 |
| Eslovenia | 4.9 | -7.2 | 12.3 | 4.2 | 3.9 | -3.7 |
| España | 4.9 | -8.9 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 3.0 |
| Estados Unidos | 2.7 | -1.9 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.7 |
| Estonia | 6.2 | 17.8 | 4.5 | -15.2 | 2.3 | -6.5 |
| Etiopía | -3.3 | -0.3 | 9.1 | 5.4 | 7.2 | - |
| Filipinas | 3.9 | -27.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 6.3 |
| Finlandia | -1.0 | -1.1 | 1.8 | 1.5 | -7.4 | -5.0 |
| Francia | 4.2 | -6.2 | 9.6 | -0.2 | 0.7 | -1.3 |
| Georgia | -0.3 | -13.1 | -4.8 | 9.9 | 29.4 | 15.0 |
| Ghana | -10.0 | 1.8 | 5.8 | 0.8 | -28.9 | 13.8 |
| Grecia | -0.8 | 1.6 | 20.7 | 16.2 | 6.9 | 4.1 |
| Guatemala | 8.8 | -4.5 | 19.8 | 4.3 | 7.9 | 4.8 |
| Haití | 7.7 | -20.6 | -21.8 | -9.9 | -5.8 | - |
| Honduras | -3.0 | -26.7 | 41.5 | 2.6 | 11.2 | 6.2 |
| Hong Kong | -14.9 | -11.1 | 8.3 | -7.4 | 11.4 | 1.9 |
| Hungría | 12.7 | -7.3 | 5.7 | 0.7 | -7.7 | -11.1 |
| India | 1.1 | -7.1 | 17.5 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 7.1 |
| Indonesia | 4.5 | -5.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.6 |
| Irán | -6.5 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 1.9 |
| Irlanda | 99.7 | -16.5 | -39.9 | 2.8 | 13.4 | -28.5 |
| Islandia | -4.8 | -6.6 | 13.5 | 15.3 | 4.9 | 7.7 |
| Israel | 3.3 | -2.4 | 13.6 | 11.1 | -1.9 | -6.1 |
| Italia | 1.5 | -7.3 | 21.5 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 0.0 |
| Jamaica | 1.9 | -11.0 | 0.8 | -6.1 | -0.6 | -0.9 |
| Japón | 0.5 | -3.7 | 0.5 | -0.4 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
| Jordania | -6.4 | -4.9 | 9.6 | - | - | - |
| Kazajstán | 13.8 | -0.2 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 17.1 | 6.5 |
| Kenia | 4.5 | 2.3 | 10.8 | -0.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 |
| Kirguistán | 7.0 | -16.1 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 30.6 | - |
| Kosovo | 2.9 | -7.6 | 13.0 | -3.2 | 4.5 | 6.5 |
| Letonia | 1.3 | -2.4 | 6.8 | -1.6 | 9.9 | -6.7 |
| Líbano | -45.5 | -53.0 | -67.6 | -88.6 | 4.5 | -12.6 |
| Lituania | 6.4 | 1.0 | 13.0 | 5.2 | 9.3 | -1.1 |
| Luxemburgo | 13.3 | -4.1 | 14.6 | -13.9 | -6.4 | -7.3 |
| Malasia | -2.1 | -14.4 | -0.7 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 12.0 |
| Malta | 9.5 | -3.8 | 23.8 | 14.4 | -15.9 | 3.6 |
| Marruecos | 1.7 | -10.0 | 7.5 | -4.0 | 2.3 | 12.8 |
| México | -4.4 | -17.3 | 10.4 | 7.4 | 16.6 | 3.5 |
| Mongolia | 14.0 | -21.1 | 17.7 | 13.2 | 5.3 | 22.4 |
| Montenegro | -1.7 | -12.0 | -12.3 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 9.3 |
| Mozambique | 3.2 | -3.4 | -2.7 | - | - | - |
| Myanmar | 2.6 | 2.2 | -15.1 | 3.0 | - | - |
| Nicaragua | -27.5 | 9.5 | 34.6 | -3.9 | 13.0 | 17.3 |
| Nigeria | 8.3 | -14.7 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 6.6 | -2.2 |
| Noruega | 9.5 | -4.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | -1.5 | -1.4 |
| Nueva Zelanda | 4.3 | -4.1 | 11.0 | 4.2 | 0.0 | -5.1 |
| Omán | -10.4 | 1.8 | -15.7 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 7.1 |
| Países Bajos | 7.4 | -2.5 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 1.5 | -0.4 |
| Pakistán | -11.1 | -6.7 | 3.7 | 4.6 | -16.1 | -1.8 |
| Panamá | -1.4 | -47.8 | 31.2 | 20.6 | 18.8 | 3.8 |
| Paraguay | -6.1 | 5.3 | 18.2 | -1.8 | -2.8 | 8.3 |
| Perú | 3.8 | -16.1 | 33.2 | 1.1 | -4.5 | 5.6 |
| Polonia | 8.1 | -1.2 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 11.4 | -0.9 |
| Portugal | 5.5 | -2.3 | 7.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.1 |
| Puerto Rico | 1.6 | -34.4 | 19.7 | 7.5 | 2.3 | 6.8 |
| Reino Unido | 2.1 | -9.7 | 7.6 | 5.1 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
| República Checa | 7.3 | -4.8 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 4.5 | -3.1 |
| República Democrática del Congo | -18.7 | 15.0 | 50.0 | 27.7 | 119.8 | 18.8 |
| República Dominicana | 5.5 | -8.3 | 24.3 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 2.9 |
| Ruanda | 32.0 | -4.5 | 16.3 | -4.0 | 11.9 | 13.1 |
| Rumanía | 14.9 | -0.5 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 14.5 | -3.3 |
| Rusia | 1.0 | -4.0 | 9.3 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 6.0 |
| Senegal | 10.3 | 7.2 | 15.8 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 2.8 |
| Serbia | 16.9 | -1.4 | 14.7 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 6.5 |
| Singapur | 2.5 | -14.0 | 23.2 | 4.7 | -0.9 | 2.9 |
| Sri Lanka | -10.6 | -8.6 | 6.9 | -24.4 | -9.1 | 19.4 |
| Sudáfrica | -1.7 | -14.8 | -0.3 | 5.9 | 3.0 | -3.9 |
| Sudán | -0.2 | -2.0 | -2.1 | 1.2 | -20.0 | -15.0 |
| Suecia | -0.2 | 1.8 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | -0.1 |
| Suiza | 0.9 | -1.5 | 2.8 | -0.1 | 0.1 | -0.7 |
| Tailandia | 2.0 | -4.7 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
| Taiwán | 10.8 | 6.3 | 14.4 | 7.9 | -7.8 | 6.4 |
| Tanzania | 13.8 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 7.5 | 4.8 | 6.8 |
| Trinidad y Tobago | 17.7 | 8.2 | -57.4 | -84.6 | - | - |
| Túnez | 0.6 | -22.9 | 4.3 | 2.2 | -7.7 | 2.0 |
| Turkmenistán | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | - |
| Turquía | -12.5 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 8.4 | 3.9 |
| Ucrania | 11.7 | -21.3 | 9.3 | -33.9 | 65.9 | 3.5 |
| Uganda | 7.9 | -2.9 | 12.7 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 5.5 |
| Uruguay | -3.0 | -2.0 | 18.8 | 12.3 | -5.7 | -1.3 |
| Uzbekistán | 37.6 | -5.0 | 3.1 | -0.3 | 23.4 | 27.6 |
| Venezuela | -28.7 | -30.1 | -3.0 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 12.3 |
| Vietnam | 7.7 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 7.1 |
| Yemen | 4.4 | -15.0 | 1.0 | -2.0 | - | - |
| Zambia | 3.5 | -18.9 | 1.6 | -7.4 | 11.0 | - |
| Zimbabue | -3.6 | -18.2 | 12.8 | 21.8 | 14.4 | 0.5 |
| Zona euro | 7.2 | -6.0 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 2.2 | -1.9 |